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Tuesday, October 29, 2013

LA QUESTION HAITIENNE

COMPRENDRE FRANCOIS DUVALIER


LEGER FELICITE SONTHONAX
Le president Francois Duvalier



P
our comprendre François Duvalier qui a dirigé Haïti de 1957 a 1971, il faut se rappeler  que la seconde moitié du 20 ème annonçait, qu’on le veuille ou non, le commencement de la fin pour la société traditionnelle ou pour mieux dire l’agonie de la société post esclavagiste ou de ce qui en était le résidu. A ce compte, François Duvalier se présente à la fois comme un homme du passé et du futur.

Par une de ces fatalités dont l’histoire semble avoir le monopole, la société haïtienne a trainé pour le pire cet héritage du passé qui n’est autre que l’héritage colonial. A part sa stratification et son exclusivisme, la société d’après l’indépendance était à ce point fragile que déjà , vers 1801, sous la  férule d’un Toussaint Louverture, des esclaves fraichement affranchis, rassurés sur leur futur, écrivaient à leurs anciens maitres pour les inviter à revenir à St Domingue, la paix enfin rétablie.  Plus tard, ce discours et ces mentalités revivront  parmi les classes nouvellement acquises à la liberté. Ce n’est pas sans raison que les générations du temps de Pétion et de Boyer vivaient dans la crainte d’une offensive française, illustrant ainsi combien la nouvelle nation était  minée par l’angoisse des lendemains.  Haïti, sans le savoir, s’était installée dans une ère épique qui alimentera la légende des générations de la fin du 19 ème siècle.  Nourri d’un nationalisme ombrageux et agraire notamment dans le Nord, l’héritage des premières années du 20 ème siècle consistera dans le culte de la patrie qu’on prétendra aimer de manière charnelle à la Charles Péguy. On retrouvera même dans la France profonde ce culte barrésien  aux  vieilles terres restées monarchistes.

LA MAJORITE MINORISEE

François Duvalier incarnera dans les années 20 ce nationalisme haïtien qui, quoique nébuleux et précaire, gangera en intesite  sous l’occupation.  Les survivants de ces années- là tendent à disparaitre, mais ses derniers représentants, que ce soit l’agronome Edouard Berrouet, un nationaliste de gauche à l’instar de Jacques Roumain ou encore Lamartiniere Honorat  en qui on retrouve, allié a un modernisme bon teint. un dosage heureux de la pensée de cette époque, incarnent ce qu’il y avait de consistant en ces années 20 et 30. Mais ce  qui va  surtout  trancher dans le décor, c’est le courant d’une certaine haitianité aux contours mal définis,   appelée cependant  à inspirer en même temps  les démarches des hommes de gauche et  de droite,  dont les Carlet Auguste, les  Herve Boyer,  les Clovis Desinor et les , René Chalmers pour ne citer que ceux là . Parmi cette brochette de combattants d’une  résistance alors  culturelle en attendant qu’elle épouse les nuances d’un nationalisme dans lequel se retrouvera l’Afrique des indépendances, François Duvalier allait s’adresser à l’essentiel, c'est-à-dire, à cette majorité minorisée selon l’expression du Professeur Leslie F. Manigat, d’où  il va tirer  sa milice, la plus grande réalisation de son gouvernement  à notre avis.

Il est difficile de  représenter par la pensée  ce que peut être la vie rurale, les travaux et les jours  du plus grand nombre, quand nos élites ont été pour la plupart formées à une école qui ne tenait qu’a briser l’âme nationale et a installer à la place d’un cœur, d’une vision du monde et d’un style de vie une culture qui n’invitait hélas qu’à la négation de soi, à la  trahison et a l’àbdication .  Pour jeter les bases d’une nation toujours en devenir, François Duvalier a  légué aux régénérés de Sonthonax ce qu’on pourrait appeler l’illusion du pouvoir.  Alphonse Daudet raconte qu’un porte drapeau d’un régiment de l’armée française de 1871 ne vivait que pour tenir très haut  ce drapeau dans lequel il avait placé son destin. En créant sa milice, Duvalier songeait peut être à son pouvoir, mais il pensait surtout  tirer la majorité de ses silences, de ses peurs et de sa grande blessure historique, laquelle n’était en fait que  l’exclusion tantôt pour des raisons épidermiques, tantôt pour un  passé dont elle n’était pas responsable. Or, la psychologie contemporaine a appris que l’homme ne se libère et ne donne sa veritable mesure  que dans le triomphe. Duvalier croyait qu’en donnant aux masses noires une  vision de leur dignité, une nouvelle image de soi, et finalement une mission, il pouvait élargir l’assiette nationale et insinuer dans leur esprit qu’elles étaient elles aussi partie prenante de cette expérience du rachat de l’homme par l’homme. En tirant, suivant l’exemple de Sténos Vincent, de sa torpeur le paysan pour qui le géographe Paul Moral croyait quel’heure des réparations avait sonné,  Duvalier pouvait extrapoler et  prétendre  que derrière la  race il y avait l’espèce à sauver, ce qui voulait dire l’essence même de l’histoire.

LA  ROSE ET LE FUMIER

Si quelques milliers de familles  aspiraient  comme en Afrique du Sud à régenter  le destin de 4 millions d’âmes  augmentant au rythme d’une croissance exponentielle, il faudrait ou bien se laver les mains  comme Ponce  Pilate ou bien choisir un nouveau cours au fleuve de l’histoire. Pour sauver l’avenir, la paix sociale  et pallier  à  la répétition du festin de Balthazar, l’ordre vermoulu  des siècles passés était en dépit de tout assujetti au sort de Carthage rasée par Scipion. La création de la milice rentrait dans le projet d’une modernisation sociale et économique de l’ancienne St Domingue.  Mme de Sevigne écrivait qu’il fallait un peu de fumier même sur les meilleures terres, mais hélas passé 1986, les octogénaires  du micro monde se demandaient si la rose pouvait sortir du fumier, après 40 ans  de pouvoir noir (1946-1986).

C’est pourquoi il s’est installé cette paix armée   en ces  années 60, années de feu mais années épiques, lorsque  au nom des enfants de Sonthonax et pour  ceux de cette  Afrique qui s’ignore, la bataille d’Haïti, même si elle se confond avec les démêlés  de l’administration Kennedy tentant d’imposer à une Amérique  ségrégationniste les doléances d’une race pour laquelle du sang a coulé a Gettysburg lors de la fameuse address de Abraham  Lincoln, continue d’avoir sa raison d’etre.  Le paradoxe du gouvernement de F. Duvalier, c’est que malgré la solidarité objective des peuples du tiers monde avec le programme des régimes satellites de L’URSS, Duvalier va rester soudé aux idéaux de l’hémisphère, notamment lors de la crise de Cuba et  à la conférence de Punta del Este.  Le secrétaire d’état américain Dean Rusk a prétendu qu’en échange de son soutien, le chancelier René Chalmers lui a offert une tasse de café à $ 2 contre un projet d’aéroport évalué à plus d’un million de dollars, soit 5 millions de gourdes haïtiennes. Duvalier et son chancelier  sont allés bien au delà de leurs promesses contrairement à  l’émissaire américain qui, une fois, disait d’Haïti qu’elle était la poubelle de l’hémisphère.

Malheureusement, les USA ont été trop souvent livrés à des individus avec très peu de  vision dans l’esprit. Haïti à l’époque a mené  une guerre sans merci contre la gauche anonyme avec une poignée d’officiers engagés au plus fort  de cette  guerre froide qui se livrait  contre le monde libre. Il faudra du temps aux successeurs  de Kennedy pour comprendre le rôle d’Haïti dans l’arrière cour de Bill Clinton. Duvalier une fois parti, sous prétexte qu’il fallait maquiller  le pouvoir, la vieille garde fit les frais de la modernisation à un prix élevé. Mais, Les années d’or de la dictature en termes de qualité de vie restent non pas supérieures, mais différentes  des années dites de démocratisation et de privatisation.

LE TEMPS DES CHEVALIERS

C’est finalement le professeur Marcel D’Ans et David Nichols qui expriment le  mieux le bilan des années Duvalier  dans la vie politique haïtienne. Le chancelier haïtien des années 70,  le Dr Adrien Raymond disait que François Duvalier a voulu instituer l’ordre équestre dans les affaires de la République en souvenir de la Rome impériale. En introduisant les figures remarquables de la province dans l’administration, en recrutant sa garde prétorienne dans l’arrière pays, Duvalier a donné une impulsion datant de Stenio Vincent a la frange des marginaux du pays profond.  Une anthropologue  a tiré la conclusion que Paul Magloire, Dumarsais Estime et François Duvalier représentaient les enfants de Vincent, avec la seule différence que  de ce triumvirat, Paul Magloire, homme venu d’un Nord fatigué de faire l’histoire, ne va pas s’embarrasser de la question de couleur, dont on a dit qu’elle était la malédiction d’Haïti.


Comprendre Duvalier enfin, c’est imaginer ce que Haïti pouvait devenir au 20 eme siècle avec une société d’apartheid, à laquelle on a appris que Dieu était de race caucasienne, que l’esclavage était même une grâce de ce pur esprit, que même dans le ciel, aux dires d’une Jérémienne  de l’ancienne societe,il existait encore des classes, et que l’avenir n’était réservé qu’a ceux qui ressemblaient à ce dieu. On comprend aujourd’hui la révolte de Prométhée, on comprend également que le 21 ème siècle reste le siècle des mea culpa, en attendant d’être celui de la foi, fût elle- aveugle. Mais le visage de la foi est euclidien. Duvalier s’est confusément attaqué à ces citadelles ; mais à vouloir libérer les soutanes, il a pavé la voie à ce qu’il reste de pernicieux et d’inhumain dans le monde des églises. Pour tout dire, il a bouleversé la matrice de ce pays ,selon le professeur Gérard Gourgue, mais cette matrice est porteuse de surprises et pourra toujours enfanter dans le même lit et   presque à parts égales, le bien et le mal.
Le russe Leonid Brejnev



Le Chancelier Rene Chalmers & l'ambassadeur  Carlet Auguste

David Dean Rusk,
le secretaire d'etat americain

Sunday, October 27, 2013

GONE WITH THE SIXTIES

JFK’ S  FATE

FATHER & SON

T
he beginning sixties were to JFK’s, the ever- elected young US president the ill-rated ones. In his private life as well in his public’s.
               Everything begun apparently long time before November 1963, when her beautiful wife, Jacky lost her stillborn baby, named Patrick Bouvier Kennedy.  The presidential couple mourned in silence this loss, but Jacky was deeply wounded  for other reasons, maybe the absence of her husband by the time of the tragedy. Some clouds for long  had been hovering over this relationship, which contributed to irritate a lot the first lady.
She decided to take on vacation in Greece, nodding to the invitation of an already wealthy mogul of Mediterranean, Aristotle Onassis.
Not only had Onassis fallen in love with the sea- he was born, so to speak, within the waves-but also he was a king of open seas. Jacky Kennedy believed that traveling would have eased her mourning. She went away almost against the advice of her husband. From the beginning, Greece had remained a little bit Homeric. The first lady expected that the Greek myths would have played for her the same way they did to the Mediterranean half gods.
Onassis was delighted at welcoming his famous guest. Together they cruised off the Bosporus, sailed on the same streams of Ulysses, offered libations to the sea and its goddess, tasted millennia foods and   took a quick look   at the fragility of human history. Jacky probably felt relieved.

One day, as Icarus landing somewhere in its mythic islands, a helicopter lowered until landing a few meters from Jacky relaxing in the warm sand. Onassis jumped off, walked with the assurance of the wealthy and handed an expansive diamond to her guest. Jacky smiled her sunny smile. Onassis didn’t overstay. He boarded as quickly as before his helicopter which very soon was the size of a fly in the still sunny fall. Jacky would have never forgotten his coming. Comfort as usual comes from out of the blue.
But, what would be unforgettable remains one night under the starry sky, on the bridge of the Christina, the yacht named after Onassis’s daughter. Onassis, the lord of the sea, and Jacky were alone. They were chatting, as if time would have never ended. On the day after, everybody noticed a change among the host and her guest. That was enough to untie the tongues. Even the White House echoed the first lady perilous escape on a land where legends and truth used to die hard. JFK, the American president, became mad at so much recklessness.
Nevertheless, turning back to their recent past, the presidential couple traveled mid –November  to Paris where the incumbent General de Gaulle welcome them with pump and honor. Paris people cheered when JFK and his wife waved them from the Elysee. Wearing mitt along a beautiful suit, Jacky was so irresistible with her glamorous smile that the crowd kept  calling for Jacky! Jacky !. It was exciting. The Parisian magic seemed to have worked its way.
Onassis’ specter   shadow maybe had faded away now. But, it was not reassuring enough because the Caribbean shadows and their rising left were still worrisome. The Cuban disaster of the Bay of Pigs was still an American  concern  and many in Washington considered  this   adventure of April 1961 a thorn in the ribs. Even the Dominican Republic rid of its long time “Caudillo audillo” Rafael Leonida’s Trujillo by May 1960 could not calm down the hawks to which this Cuban move mattered most. 
 Furthermore, in  Haiti, Papa Doc seemed to have defied the armada-like fleet sent off to scare the strong Black president. A few miles off the American coasts, a turbulent Caribbean sea was almost a threat.
Fall 1963, Francois Duvalier started brushing his hands after the Amphibian Atlantic Fleet moved away and his inconsistent neighbor Juan Bosh overthrown. Still angry against his American equivalent John Fitzgerald Kennedy, Papa Doc whispered to his praetorian guard that the JFK days were counted. But, as November neared to end, the presidential couple aimed to become over the years the so-called American legend, left Paris and its feasts for Dallas, Texas. This would have been their last trip together.

Kennedy, Onassis, Duvalier have had too few reasons to like each other.
We’re said very soon that the voodoo gods and the Greek ones plotted together to give an eerie hue to the JFK’s saga.
Part history, part mystery.





Friday, October 25, 2013

THE AMERICAN QUESTION



                                                   AMERICAN TOLERANCE


I
n the beginning 21 st century, faith here and there is a way to live and also to die for.


Hagia Sophia,
Turkey
The best illustration of those flourishing beliefs can be watched here in America. This fact matters because it is a time when America, the western watchdog or so considered, is at war not only for oil, as many tend to believe it, but also because on both sides, people continue to convince themselves that their gods are  the  best ones and so  their values and way of life.  Henceforth fanatics   are on the rise.

Mosque
No doubt that in some remote parts of America far away from the East Coast, hard core believers doesn’t want to act open mildly   nor show comprehension and tolerance. But, in the rest of America, despite attempts to mix church and state, the vast majority accepts and shares other values different from their ones. America, as an immigrant-shaped country, continues to welcome visitors and others. That is a sort of unavoidable destiny. America for long will remain a country of opportunities and diversity.


African  Dance
Anywhere, we continue to observe this swirling diversity. Jamaica Estates used to witness at dust Muslims hurrying up to mosque for evening prayer. Inside, adults, youngsters and growing ups offer a  display of moving back  and  bowing chests while uttering guttural words sounding like prayer or  theatric  rehearsal. Not far away, Indians gather at a funeral home to pay their final respects to their loved ones.  Others sell religious articles in stores smelling perfumes. Nearby, Christian churches display size-nature statues, glittering from inside to outside, as monuments of the early Christianity.  Here and there, Guyanese, Jamaicans worship Rastafarian deities, with long hair atop their heads. Bangladesh protesters walk bare foot and chest while punching their bellies .Religiously speaking, America also is a mosaic.   


Happy Boy
Mecca


Last July, at the St James’ celebration day, many Haitians came dressed in red and blue. According to voodoo mythology, St James has an equivalent named Ogou that corresponds to the Roman war god, Mars. His colors are precisely red and blue.  In Haiti, some 75 years ago, or less, the popular religion Voodoo has been despised and almost banned. It is unthinkable for voodoo adept to enter the Catholic Church, let alone the way many worshipers were dressed this 26 July in this Brooklyn church. Now, however, the Haitian Catholic church became more open and more tolerant. At St James, we could observe how majestic was a voodoo priestess walking straight forward to the bishop, Father Guy Sansaricq to receive the host without fear of being rejected. Only in America, can be watched such a so deep   religious. It is not exaggerated to say that at this time of religion-fed terror, American tolerance is at its best as a weapon against fanatics, rejection, frustration and the likes





Chapel Sixtine, Vatican

US AIRWAYS. WHISPERING VOICES...


US AIRWAYS PLANES
The sky is borderless, but planes create the illusion they can make it anyway.

However, when fed up  with crisscrossing the huge blue, some of them long for relaxation and rest, they land in places where they can forget about runaway, signs and tower instructions. It’s no longer time to head for the sky and close by or far away destinations.  A plane has a life time on its own .Unfortunately, we do not think enough about.

US Airways magazine once want to know what travelers think of their flight, the crew team and the way they feel travelling aboard. Good question even for those who continue to be scared of wandering among clouds. Human beings are not angels, alas !

Boarding a jet is a process we begin to become familiar with. Obviously, pretty fly attendant welcomes you with smiling and prevenances. Customer feels at home and many end up in good relationships with hostesses.  Imagine. They make you comfortable, nodding to everything you want, whether your luggage or more room to stretch your legs.  If it happens you need something like a pillow or a cup of water, never mind. Name it and you get it. At least, your stress toward flying is lowering a little bit.

But, because between Miami and NY, US Airways lands for a couple of hours at Charlotte Douglas International Airport, you could know more about this airline life. At the beginning, I was leaning to believe North Carolina was home to this 80 –year old air line. For some reasons, there always is a fleet with this American flag logo painted in the big tail.  Why are there so many US Airways planes on the ground? Is North Carolina really home to the air line company?  No doubt.  Any traveler could confirm himself by glancing at the large windows while heading for his  gate.

Whatever it might be, like many others air lines, US airways has realized the miracle to recreate a king of family gathering impression at thousands feet in the sky. With a Sky Mall magazine, you can buy while running into so many earthy goods displayed through the pages. Even there, good life feeling endures. Hand crafted wood items, jewelry, fitness locations... nothing has really changed since you’ve left the earth. Did you need to travel to become so homesick about life below?

This is one of these things that matter to me. While traveling at so much speed, US Airways don’t let you feel confused about distances and locations. Travel has changed a lot in the 20th  century to become one of those banalities we owe to techniques and good service. As fly attendant feel at ease, why do you have to worry about anything? There lies the power of a smiling hostess.

So, besides a nostalgic touch at Charlotte Douglas airport attached to the American South, and Black ladies still dressed in the old fashion way, NC seems to be the very home of the US Airways air line. Again this huge fleet of planes is at a glance relaxing after having cruised so much in the sky. Nothing on earth can prevail to witness more landscapes, more sight view than a plane. Lining up along their hangar and these glass buildings that characterize airport life, US Airways planes are ready to whisper to each other what they’ve  endured while flying, the stories they’ve  heard about, the  situations they’ve gone through and finally what relaxing time mean to them, now that ungrateful  travelers are already home.

Planes also hold to their privacy..


CHARLOTTE DOUGLAS AIRPORT, NC
US AIRWAYS HEADQUARTER

Thursday, October 24, 2013

HAITI BILL CLINTON FAUX PAS



HAITI THE FALL INVASION

SEPTEMBER 1994


I
’ve been working as a country doctor when  the US government landed troops  in Port-au-Prince on the morning of   the  19 September 1994.  Back to 1915, it was the beginning of the 2nd US invasion in Haiti.

Even though the Haitian image aboard had been tarnished by a nasty propaganda campaign, not all the Americans had agreed on the ground that Haiti would have been invaded. But, according to the American president Bill Clinton, should  democracy be restored , there had been no  another solution left. Against the U.S. intelligence service’s warning,  M .Clinton sent  the boys  of the 82 airborne division. On the Sunday 18 September, we have been brushing the war by an hair. The day after, Clinton who was looking for a CNN diplomatic success,  had the marines landed in Haiti. The US president had  crossed  the Rubicon.

A few time later, the mistake was obvious.  Like in Washington DC, at the American embassy in Port-au-Prince, there had been a splitting among the personal on this foreign policy issue. The chief of the Mission, a quiet and polite man,  Mr. Lesly Swing, had  reunited the Haitian employees a few days before to let them know that “as an ambassador”, he has not identified any cause to send the marines in this impoverished country.  At the contrary, the  cultural attaché, an unexpected man, called Shraeger sided up  with the Lavalas mob, which in the morning of September 19, rushed into the streets, welcoming the planes and helicopters that were crisscrossing  in the Haitian sky.  When the American armada showed up , it was 8.05 A. M.  We could listen to  the  Creole message  broadcasted  from helicopters flying at low altitude and retransmitted as well by the local radio stations calling the native for cooperation with the marines.  But, locked up home, a lot of  proud Haitians felt humiliated and deeply wounded.

More than a decade later, few Haitians Americans and international observers as well .understood what were really  at  stake at this time.    The more smarter claimed that the Clinton administration needed an outstanding diplomatic success  to strengthen  its position in the US after some bad experience in Somalia, Mogadiscio.  In the long term, however, the aftermath of this invasion turned out to be very problematic. Kidnappings, killings, drug trafficking and arsons flourished more than before. Even among the restored government, officials were not innocuous in many wrongdoings. Worst, prominent public figures would have been  shot to death like this  famous lawyer, Mireille Durocher Bertin and later on Jean Dominique, a well known journalist praised overseas. The new people in charge maneuvered well  to keep the power, but  the price  to pay was so high that in the winter 2004, almost ten years after the landing of marines, street protests and students uprising brought down the Clinton-backed president that was to flee  again to exile.

But, early in September 94, among Haitians as well as Americans, there was a lot of concern and doubt with respects to the way American authorities were handling the Haitian crisis. The Haitian army in the North already  had come to rough times  when almost a dozen of soldiers have been gunned down  and buried amidst   sadness and anger in the military hospital at Port-au Prince.  When we denounced those killings in the government newspaper, Shragger sent the marines in front of the office,  wearing heavy weapons aimed at  building and  personal.  In the meantime, the Cap Haitian –based US colonel. Tom Jones,  acknowledged to  have fired first against  these  unfortunate soldiers that were playing outdoors. In the Southern part of the country, aux Cayes, a marine was deeply wounded.  There were no more clash, despite some casualties among Haitian troops.  We were told that all the countrymen were shocked by the return of the US in Haitian internal affairs. High-  ranking American military  were asking themselves why they were sent to Haiti Haiti has not been a high risk at the Caribbean sea , like  Iraq later  .

But, very soon, we noted a change of mood among the American troops. Better than that, in many families, American troops felt to have been  welcomed. They tried to understand genuinely the Haitian crisis. Without fear, anywhere, they felt at home.   Many of them tasted our cuisine. Haitian American in the army wanted griot, rice and beans, yellow soup as at   Claude Raymond’s, a former Haitian chief of Staff.   It was  moving to see the conqueror looking at the submitted country with new feeling as if war has never destroyed the human being inside us.  In  the long term, politics would be the only thing to be blamed. US Officers and troops never understood why they went to Haiti.  In other words, Bill Clinton seemed the only one to know the answer .

 Finally, this president expressed some regrets after leaving office.


AUGUST 2007















Wednesday, October 23, 2013

ENTREPRENEURSHIP



                                      Zanglais Rebirth



The best places in the world are not always what you might think.

When I was in Aquin I used to attend party at Zanglais and practice rural medicine. At this time, it was a boring  place with a poor pubic market and some thatched houses scattered along the main road. Some families  continue to live over there, but by the mid 80s, Zanglais had been switching to a retirement place for people  back home after hard work in the US.

But, to tell the truth, it was  about this time that a kind of pioneer fond of outdoors life and adventures had been launching his well nurtured project. It was a surprise to see special people choose to live in a kind of wild life, but some of them persist and finally their dreams come true.

Today Jardin sur Mer is worth a visit and maybe more. Bob Anglade, a former Belgium resident, is back as the  bible prodigal child. He made coconuts, fruit trees and green vegetables grow while organizing fishing cooperatives. Fish men  can be observed preparing their nets and other tools in front of a bright sea. Instead of wild life with small vegetation, Jardin-sur-Mer  today displays beautiful vistas and attractive beaches open on  the turquoise waters of  Aquin bay. “ it is a work of a quarter of century” Bob Anglade tells  in an interview  with Fre Joel, a Christian American who fell in love with the Haitian countryside.

Needless to say that Jardin sur Mer would be housing very soon Haitians from the diaspora  for a short stay. Jardin sur Mer serves soft and high spirited  drink as well as fruits from its nearby fenced verger.

Bob Anglade, a native of Aquin, where still live some of his  relatives, not only loves his homeland, but also  is showing that  even with nothing creation and success remain  a human process.










Tuesday, October 22, 2013

THE AMERICAN QUESTION : AN AMERICAN AMBASSADOR





an  american twilight



I
  was turning twenty five when I was asked to get an interview from Howard Isham. As an American ambassador at Port-au-Prince, Mr Isham was runing his mission with kindness and competence, Haitian authorities thought. At this time, I was doing a part time job at the Nouvelliste, the oldest  of the Haitian newspaper. A reporter eager to meet with important and famous people, I was proud to be there. Haiti was in peace.  I  was young...

I went to the embassy , an evening  of  July 1975, convinced that the ambassador had something to say at the eve of the 200 –year anniversary of his country’s independence and  at the midst of the Vietnam war. A couple years before, America  has been retreating   from Saigon at the relief of its own  national opinion. Mr. Hisham would probably consider this hot topic, that is, the ending war. I believed so, at least

Mr. Hisham, tall and well built, greeted me  with a little bit of paternalism. Sleeves rolled up, the forehead  
almost  hairless, the ambassador  talked about this two-century anniversary and other issues. I remember having brought up what once was called the yellow threat, with regards to China. Going on, the interview was considering the cold war and communism rise especially in Asia. “ The communist world once for all is  collapsing  ” the VIP across me concluded.

I was amazed, for two years ago,   the current president Richard Nixon and his secretary of state, Henri  Kissinger have been abandoning Saigon, a event known the world over as the fall of Saigon. But, while saying so, the ambassador was looking away and  not  at me as if  he wanted to talk for himself . It happened I came up with   another question that I didn’t remember. At that moment, going into  a kind of trance, M. Hisham started talking again to himself the way the priests  used toperform matins:

The United States have completed the…
The United States are the main democracy
The United States are the guardian of the free world
The United States used to fight…
The United States…the United States.


I was bemused and almost frozen while listening to such a repetition. The ambassador seemed to pray as he was reminding the US accomplishments in the world. Mr. Hisham has put aside every protocol to make sure I would never forget that moment. It was dusk. The sunset in the Haitian seaside was then as glamorous as in the early fifties at the famous bicentennial inaugural of P-au-P.


While the ambassador was telling his monologue, I glanced at the outdoors yard, where a marine dressed in gold and navy blue, has been lowering the American flag. When the marine received the flag, he took it and squeezed against his chest in a prayer like attitude, a move of less than 30 seconds. But, for me, it was like a prayer time, the ambassador and the marine setting up the ritual and the right moment, not only for the beginner  reporter that I was, but also to a would be threatening cold war enemy.


Since  then, I could never forget this evening July. I saw again Mr. Hisham at  one or two party receptions. Like at this interview, he was relaxed while talking about his country and confident that the US have fulfilled its historical mission in the world.